世界溶解浆生产消费情况及未来发展趋势

文中总结分析了1961—2017年世界溶解浆生产和消费情况。溶解浆的生产和消费呈现由发达国家（地区）向发展中国家（地区）转移的趋势短期内不会改变。溶解浆生产属于技术和资金密集型产业，随着中国和印度等发展中国家制浆造纸工业的技术进步，溶解浆的生产量将增加，进口占比逐年降低。世界溶解浆的生产和消费量在今后若干年内仍呈增长趋势。2017年世界溶解浆的消耗量为792.9万t，进口量占比为64.3%。乐观预测到2030年世界溶解浆消费量将达到1 230万t，在2017年的基础上增加60%。中国是世界最大的溶解浆生产国、进口国和消费国，但溶解浆的生产成本居高不下，浆料品质不够稳定，与先进国家存在一定差距。亟待投入研究力量，开发适宜的溶解浆生产工艺，提升溶解浆质量并降低生产成本。     

Technical efficiency of different farm sizes for tilapia farming in China

China is the world's largest tilapia producer. This study uses the stochastic frontier function in the Cobb–Douglas model to evaluate a production frontier for tilapia aquaculture and analyses the relationship between farm size and production efficiency in China. A random sample of 300 tilapia farmers was surveyed in the main tilapia‐producing areas to study their economic efficiencies. The percentage distribution of tilapia farm technical efficiency was determined, with an average efficiency of 79%, which showed that the sample tilapia farmers operate at 21% below the production frontier and hence that they still have a chance to achieve targeted yields. The technical efficiencies of two categories (≤1 ha and >1 ha) were 78.82% and 79.27% respectively. A second‐stage analysis investigated the relationship between farm size and technical efficiency and showed a positive relationship between farm size and production efficiency based on the ordinary least‐squares model. The optimal farm size was found to be 7.50 ha. This study proposes strategies such as enlarging the farming scale moderately, thereby achieving the advantage of economies of scale, and enhancing the competitiveness of the tilapia industry in China.     

城市池塘水质时间变化特性--以扬州大学江阳路南校区池塘为例

城市中的池塘是城市水体的重要组成部分,为揭示城市化背景下池塘水体水质的时间变化特性,选取扬州大学江阳路南校区池塘为研究区,对该池塘2018年7月至2019年6月的水质参数蓝绿藻浓度(Phyco)、水温(WT)、溶解氧(DO)、pH与电导率(EC)进行观测,采用变异系数法、单因子水质标识指数法以及多元线性回归法对各参数的变化特性进行评价。结果显示:池塘WT呈季节性变化;观测期间pH变化范围为7.74~9.98,水体呈碱性;DO变化的随机性较强,未表现出明显变化规律;各水质参数变异性及权重从大到小依次为WT>DO>EC>pH;以DO为指标的单因子水质标识指数结果表明:池塘DO达到Ⅲ类水要求的时段占总观测时段的84%;多元线性回归分析结果表明:DO与WT、pH呈正相关,与Phyco呈负相关,Phyco及pH的变化对DO浓度的影响相对于WT大。     

芝麻不同生育阶段需水特性与干旱灌溉应用研究

探讨芝麻不同生育阶段需水特性与干旱灌溉水分生产效率,为芝麻高产栽培的合理灌溉和水分管理提供科学依据,2013-2018年在安徽、新疆等不同地域,选用6个芝麻主栽品种,开展芝麻不同生育阶段需水特性和灌溉水利用研究。结果表明：盆栽芝麻的全生育期蒸腾需水量平均为283.59mm,品种间差异大,形成100kg芝麻籽粒蒸腾需水量为263.56mm(175.7t/666.7m²),苗期、蕾期、初花期、盛花期、终花期、成熟期的蒸腾需水量分别为18.76mm、21.91mm、21.03mm、149.28mm、71.21mm和34.79mm,蒸腾模系数为5.89%、7.21%、6.85%、47.07%、23.93%和9.05%；盛花期最大,出苗期最小。池栽芝麻全生育期需水量531.36mm,其中株间蒸发量、蒸腾量分别占全生育期需水量的46.1%和53.9%；株间蒸发量最大的时期为苗期；蒸腾量最大的时期为花期。芝麻苗期、花期和成熟期需水模系数平均为18.65%、66.79%和14.56%。合肥基地出苗期、临泉基地花期遇旱喷灌,水分生产效率高达0.61kg/m³和0.65kg/m³；新疆精河基地按需滴灌处理比传统滴灌方式的水分生产效率提高43.28%,节水19.61%,这对水资源匮乏的新疆干旱区来说意义重大。芝麻需水量与栽培条件、品种、气温(r＝0.99)等密切相关。在芝麻不同生育阶段遇旱灌溉是提高水分生产效率和产量的关键措施之一。     

中国草种业标准现状分析

草种子不仅是草业与畜牧业的基石，还是生态文明建设以及城镇景观绿化的重要载体。我国虽是草地资源和草种子利用大国，但却是草种业弱国。标准化是推动草种业快速高质量发展的关键，历经30多年的不懈努力，我国的草种业标准化也取得了积极的进展，但是目前的草种业标准体系还处于混沌状态，缺乏系统的梳理。为了进一步加强和完善我国草种业标准体系构建，推动草种业高质量发展，本文尽可能详细地检索和筛选草种业的现行标准，从种质资源、生产加工、质量检验、包装、贮藏和运输，播种5个方面进行梳理。在此基础上分析了现行标准体系的薄弱之处，提出了需要更新以及尚需制定标准的建议，为草种业标准的制定者和应用者提供服务和便利，为草种业标准体系的完善提供参考。     

Regulation of fibroblast growth factor 9 on the differentiation of goat intramuscular adipocytes

It has been found that fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGF-FGFR) signaling can regulate the expression of adipocyte differentiation genes. FGF9 is one of the members of FGFs that mainly binds receptors FGFR2 and FGFR3. FGF9 is highly expressed in the adipose tissue of humans and mice, but there are few reports on the role of FGF9 in goat intramuscular adipocyte differentiation. Therefore, this study explored the effect of FGF9 on adipocyte differentiation through cell culture, interference, and overexpression. The expression of receptors FGFR1–FGFR4 in adipocyte differentiation and their effects on differentiation were detected to screen receptor gene of FGF9. Finally, the interaction between FGF9 and the receptor was tested by cotransfection. Our results showed that FGF9 interacts with FGFR2 to inhibit goat intramuscular adipocyte differentiation by regulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and preadipocyte factor 1 (Pref1), which is a data support for subsequent pathway research.     

农业气象灾害对我国粮食生产的影响——基于八大经济区的面板数据回归

随着全球气候变暖的加剧，气象灾害频发对世界各国的农业生产构成了巨大威胁。本文基 于投入产出理论，通过分析我国八大经济区域1997-2018 年农业生产状况的面板数据，着重考虑了农 业气象灾害对不同地区粮食生产的影响程度，并基于分析结果提出了相应的建议。     

促进粮食作物适度规模化生产的关键问题及解决方法

本文将从土地流转、种粮主体以及种粮方式等角度出发，指出当今促进粮食作物适度规模化 生产的关键问题，进而提出针对性的有效解决方法，以期为有关人员提供可靠参考。     

Performance,milk fatty acid composition and behaviour of high-yielding Holstein dairy cows given a limited grazing period

The effects of a limited grazing period on the performance, behaviour and milk composition of high-yielding dairy cows were examined. A total of 56 Holstein cows yielding 44.7 ± 0.42 kg/day were allocated to one of four treatments in one of two, 4-week periods. Treatments were as follows: control (C)—cows housed and offered TMR ad libitum; early grazing (EG)—cows grazed for 6 hr after morning milking then housed; delayed grazing (DG)—cows returned to housing for 1 hr after morning milking followed by grazing for 6 hr, then housed; restricted TMR (RT)—cows grazed for 6 hr after morning milking, then housed and fed TMR at 75% of ad libitum. Intake of TMR was highest in cows receiving C, intermediate in EG and DG, and lowest in RT at 26.9, 23.6, 24.7 and 20.3 kg DM/day respectively. Pasture intake was similar in cows receiving EG or DG, but was higher in RT at 2.4, 2.0 and 3.5 kg DM/day respectively. Milk yield was similar between cows receiving C, EG or DG, but lowest in RT at 45.7, 44.2, 44.9 and 41.7 kg/cow, respectively, while milk fat content of C18:3 n-3 was increased by grazing. Cows in C spent more than 55 min/day longer lying and had three additional lying bouts/day, while lying bouts were shorter than for cows receiving EG, RT or DG. It is concluded that high-yielding cows can be grazed for 6 hr/day with little impact on performance, provided TMR is available ad libitum when housed.     

橡胶树产胶生物学研究进展

天然橡胶（顺式-1,4-聚异戊二烯）是一种重要的工业原料,主要来自橡胶树。以天然橡胶的生物合成与产量形成为主要内容的产胶生物学研究为橡胶树高产遗传改良提供理论指导,近10年取得了重要进展。本文从橡胶树基因组测序、橡胶转移酶、转基因、以及转录组和蛋白质组等4个方面介绍产胶生物学研究主要进展,并讨论了相关领域研究存在的问题,对未来5~10年需重点关注的研究内容提出了建议。在介绍橡胶转移酶时,同时概述其他几种产胶植物的相关研究进展。